虚拟语气用法详解

1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式,从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。

2.  条件句中的虚拟语气的举例

(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。

(2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。

(3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。

 3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题

(1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用 was 代替 were。但在倒装虚拟结构及 if I were you, as it were 中，只能用 were。

(2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。

①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。

②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。

③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。

(3) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 were, should, had 时，if 可省略，而将 were, should, had等词置于句首。

(4) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。

(5) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。

 二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气

1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气

(1) 在 for fear that, in case, lest 引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should 不能省略

She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。

He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。

(2) 在 so that, in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。如：

He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。

He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。

 2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气

(1) 在 even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：

Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。

Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。

(2) 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：

① may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：

We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。

We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。

I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。

② may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：

You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲(from www.yygrammar.com)。

We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。

(3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：

Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。

Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。

3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气

as if, as though 引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为：

例如：

They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。

He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。

4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气

amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：

① should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：

He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。

I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。

② should + 完成式, 指过去。如：

I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。

I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情。

三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气

1．英语中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。如：

The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。

The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 党要求我们要全心全意地为人民服务。

但是，当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：

Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。

His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。

2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine 等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：should + 原形动词。如：

Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？

Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest?  你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？

3. 英语中，wish 之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为(from www.yygrammar.com)：

例如：

I wish she were not married. 我真希望她没结婚。

I wish the bus went to the university. 我希望公共汽车能通到大学。

I wish I hadn’t wasted so much money. 但愿我没浪费这么多钱。

注意，从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关，而与 wish 的时态无关。比较：

I wish I were rich. 要是我现在有钱就好了。

I wish I had been rich. 要是那时我有钱就好了。

I wished I were rich. 当时我后悔自己没有钱。

I wished I had been rich. 当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。

4. 英语中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：

例如：

I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。

I’d rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。

We’d rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那儿。

四、主语从句中的虚拟语气

在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为： should + 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。

句型：

(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural...that...

(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder...that...

(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /... that...

(4) It worries me that...

如：

It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我们先把功课学好很重要。

It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟没有来。

It is a pity that we should not meet last night. 真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。

It worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。

五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气

英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从表面上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)  + 动词原形。如：

We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. 我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助(from www.yygrammar.com)。

He told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学。

His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。

Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. 他们的计划就是在家乡建一座新工厂。

六、定语从句中的虚拟语气

英语中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形。如：

It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。

It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。

 七、简单句中的虚拟语气

1. 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 原形动词。如：

Would you mind my shutting the door?  我把门关起来你介意吗？

You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。

I should agree with you. 我应该同意你的观点。

2. 表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”。如：

May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。

May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。

3. 表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如：

Long live the Communist Party of China. 中|国|共|产|党|万|岁。

God bless us. 上帝保佑。

4. 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。

(1) 提出请求或邀请。如：

Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？

Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗？

(2) 陈述自己的观点或看法。如：

I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。

I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。

(3) 提出劝告或建议。如：

You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。

You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。

(4) 提出问题。如：

Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗？

Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？

(5) 表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。如：

You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。

You should have returned it to him. 你应该把他还给他了。

虚拟语气的概念：

虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

虚拟语气在条件句中的应用：

一、真实条件句：

真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if是如果的意思。

时态关系句型：条件从句：一般现在时；主句：shall/will+动词原形

如：If he comes, he will bring his violin.

典型例题：

The volleyball match will be put off if it___.

A. will rain

B. rains

C. rained

D. is rained

答案：B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will。

如： （错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. 

  （对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.

     2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

二、非真实条件句：

非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 

1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。

a. 同现在事实相反的假设。

句型：从句：一般过去时；主句：should(would)+动词原形

如：If they were here, they would help you.

b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。

句型：条件从句：过去完成时；主句：should(would)have+过去分词

如：If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.

 The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.

 If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.

c.表示对将来的假想句型：

条件从句：一般过去时；主句：should+动词原形

     从句： were+不定式；主句：would+动词原形 should+动词原形

如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right.

 If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

 If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

三、混合条件句：

主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。

如：If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

 If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).

比较if only与only if：

only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果……就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。

如：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

 If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。

 If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。 

It is(high) time that It is(high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。

如：It is time that the children went to bed.

 It is high time that the children should go to bed. 

need“不必做”和“本不该做"”

didn't need to do表示：过去不必做某事，事实上也没做。

needn'thavedone表示：过去不必做某事，但事实上做了。

如：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.

 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。   

 John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.

 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)

典型例题：

There was plenty o ftime. She___.

A. mustn't have hurried

B. couldn't have hurried

C. must not hurry

D. needn't have hurried

答案：D。needn't havedone. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。 Mustn't have done用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done,“不可能已经”。must not do不可以（用于一般现在时）

特殊的虚拟语气词should 的用法：

1）It is demanded/necessary/a pity+that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should加动词原形，should可省略。

句型：

如：It is suggested that we(should) hold a meeting next week.

 It is necessary that he(should) come to our meeting tomorrow.

2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist+(should)do

如：I suggest that we(should) hold a meeting next week. 

He insisted that he(should) be sent there.

注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

如：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

判断改错：（错）You pale face suggests that you(should) be ill. 

      （对）Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

      （错）I insisted that you(should) be wrong.

      （对）I insisted that you were wrong.

3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。

如：My idea is that we(should) get more people to attend the conference.

 I make a proposal that we(should) hold a meeting next week.

虚拟语气知识体系：

虚拟条件句的倒装：

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。

如：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.    

 Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.    

 Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“be”的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。

如：If I were you, I would go to look for him.  如果我是你，就会去找他。

 If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

典型例题：_____to do the work, I should do it some other day. 

     A. If were I

     B. I were  

     C. Were I  

     D. Was I

答案：C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前，变成were, should, had+主语的形式。

但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do.，而不能说Weren't I to do。